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I have a three level model with random affects for two dichotomous L1 variables (plus the L1 constant). I find the estimates of L1 variances / covariances puzzling. MLWin estimates the L1 variances of the two dichotomous variables as zero but gives large estimates of the L1 covariance terms. The ...

I would usually consider the justification for including an explanatory variable as a theoretical issue - whether there is good reason to believe that the variable in question may be related to the outcome. But you probably mean something different by justification here. If you mean 'Is there a ...